• Rapid primary survey: immediately examining and identifying life-threatening injuries and managing them according to the (xABCDE) priorities.
• Airway management: securing breathing and opening the airway with great care to protect the neck and spine.
• Hemorrhage control: immediate intervention to stop severe bleeding and replace fluids and blood to prevent hypovolemic shock.
• Chest trauma: rapid diagnosis and emergency management of deadly chest injuries such as tension pneumothorax.
• Head injury assessment: checking level of consciousness with the Glasgow scale to protect the brain and prevent neurological deterioration.
• Spinal and musculoskeletal injuries: stabilising the neck and back and managing pelvic and major limb fractures to prevent paralysis and bleeding.
• Secondary and detailed survey: performing a comprehensive head-to-toe examination once the patient's vital signs are stable.
• Special populations: modified protocols that suit the physiological differences of children, pregnant women and the elderly.
• Safe medical transfer: determining the criteria and timing for safely transferring the patient to a specialised hospital with definitive surgical care.
• Effective trauma-team communication: organising leadership and executive roles among surgeons, emergency physicians and anesthetists to save the patient quickly.